Oocyte (Egg) stages
Germinal Vesicle (Immature)
The germinal vesicle, indicated by the arrow, shows this egg to be in prophase
I of
the
first meiotic
division.
(Please note that eggs and embryos are usually surrounded by a layer of corona cells, these look like a halo around the egg when spread out. The cumulus cells spread out even further and generally have the appearance of a fluffy cloud. The cumulus can often be seen without a microscope. The egg together with these cells is sometimes called the oocyte-cumulus-corona cell complex. In many of the pictures below the cumulus and coronal cells have been removed leaving the bare egg/embryo. The cumulus and coronal cells are either removed prior to ICSI so maturity can be assessed and so a good seal can be achieved between the egg and the ICSI holding pipette. The enzyme used to remove the cumulus and coronal cells is Hyaluronidase. In the case of conventional insemination - sperm added to the media and allowed to penetrate the egg naturally - the cumulus and coronal cells are digested by the sperm and the remaining cells are removed when checking for fertilisation)
Metaphase 1 (Immature)
The germinal vesicle is no longer visable and a polar body has not yet been extruded.
Metaphase 2 (Mature)
In these pictures we can clearly see a polar body as indicated by the arrow.
The polar body is a sign that the egg has reached metaphase 2 in it's development,
and that the egg is mature and ready to fertilise with either conventional
insemination techniques (adding sperm to the media surrounding the egg) or
ICSI (injecting a sperm directly into the center of the egg).
Embryo Stages
2PN Stage (Normal Fertilization - day 1 after insemination)
Below we can see a normally fertilised egg. The arrow
indicates the two circles (pronuclei) containing small dots (nucleoli).
One of the
pronuclei
contains
genetic information from the egg the other from the sperm. It is thought that
polarity of the pronuclei and even distribution of the nucleoli between
the two pronuclei indicates the potential quality of the developing embryo. The pronuclei
are usually checked between 16-18 hours after the sperm is added to the egg.
The 2PN will eventually disappear with the union of two gametes this is known as Syngamy. The zygote
is now on it's way to become an embryo.
Day 2 after insemination (2 - 4 Cell Embryo)
24 hours after the 2PN were seen the embryo has already started to divide.
Blastomeres often divide evenly,although asynchonously, so it is not uncommon for embryos to have an odd
number of cells and uneven blastomeres. We can also see various indicators
of poorer quality in the embryo such as fragments or multinucliation of blastomeres.
Day 3 after insemination (8 Cell Embryo)
Approximately 72 hours after the eggs were first inseminated they will usually
have reached around the 8 cell stage. In the IVF program it is common to transfer
the best of the embryos from a treatment cycle back to the uterus at this stage.
If the patient will be having preimplantation diagnosis to test the genetic
makeup of the embryo, the biopsy (removing a cell from the embryo to test)
will usually be performed on this day.
Day 4 after insemination (Morula)
The embryo continues to divide, and there is increased cellular adhesion until the distiction between the blastomeres
becomes difficult to see. The embryo at this stage is called a Morula.
Day 5 after insemination (Blastocyst)
The morula will continue to develop and start to cavitate. The embryo begins
to turn into a hollow ball of cells known as a blastocyst. The blastocyst consists
of two main parts an area denser with cells called the inner cell mass (ICM)
which will eventually form the fetus, and the trophectoderm which will go on
to be the placenta. The picture shows two blastocysts, the one on the left
is an expanded blastocyst, the one on the right has expanded and is hatching from the shell
(zona pellucida) and is getting ready to implant.
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