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Embryo Development


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Oocyte (Egg) stages

Germinal Vesicle (Immature)

The germinal vesicle, indicated by the arrow, shows this egg to be in prophase I of the first meiotic division.

Germinal Vesicle
(Please note that eggs and embryos are usually surrounded by a layer of corona cells, these look like a halo around the egg when spread out. The cumulus cells spread out even further and generally have the appearance of a fluffy cloud. The cumulus can often be seen without a microscope. The egg together with these cells is sometimes called the oocyte-cumulus-corona cell complex. In many of the pictures below the cumulus and coronal cells have been removed leaving the bare egg/embryo. The cumulus and coronal cells are either removed prior to ICSI so maturity can be assessed and so a good seal can be achieved between the egg and the ICSI holding pipette. The enzyme used to remove the cumulus and coronal cells is Hyaluronidase. In the case of conventional insemination - sperm added to the media and allowed to penetrate the egg naturally - the cumulus and coronal cells are digested by the sperm and the remaining cells are removed when checking for fertilisation)

Metaphase 1 (Immature)

The germinal vesicle is no longer visable and a polar body has not yet been extruded.

Metaphase 2 (Mature)

In these pictures we can clearly see a polar body as indicated by the arrow. The polar body is a sign that the egg has reached metaphase 2 in it's development, and that the egg is mature and ready to fertilise with either conventional insemination techniques (adding sperm to the media surrounding the egg) or ICSI (injecting a sperm directly into the center of the egg).

Mature Oocyte

Embryo Stages

2PN Stage (Normal Fertilization - day 1 after insemination)

Below we can see a normally fertilised egg. The arrow indicates the two circles (pronuclei) containing small dots (nucleoli). One of the pronuclei contains genetic information from the egg the other from the sperm. It is thought that polarity of the pronuclei and even distribution of the nucleoli between the two pronuclei indicates the potential quality of the developing embryo. The pronuclei are usually checked between 16-18 hours after the sperm is added to the egg.

2PN

The 2PN will eventually disappear with the union of two gametes this is known as Syngamy. The zygote is now on it's way to become an embryo.

Day 2 after insemination (2 - 4 Cell Embryo)

24 hours after the 2PN were seen the embryo has already started to divide. Blastomeres often divide evenly,although asynchonously, so it is not uncommon for embryos to have an odd number of cells and uneven blastomeres. We can also see various indicators of poorer quality in the embryo such as fragments or multinucliation of blastomeres.

2 Cell and 4 Cell Embryo

Day 3 after insemination (8 Cell Embryo)

Approximately 72 hours after the eggs were first inseminated they will usually have reached around the 8 cell stage. In the IVF program it is common to transfer the best of the embryos from a treatment cycle back to the uterus at this stage. 

8 Cell Embryo

Day 4 after insemination (Morula)

The embryo continues to divide, and there is increased cellular adhesion until the distiction between the blastomeres becomes difficult to see. The embryo at this stage is called a Morula.

Morula

Day 5 after insemination (Blastocyst)

The morula will continue to develop and start to cavitate. The embryo begins to turn into a hollow ball of cells known as a blastocyst. The blastocyst consists of two main parts an area denser with cells called the inner cell mass (ICM) which will eventually form the fetus, and the trophectoderm which will go on to be the placenta. The picture shows two blastocysts, the one on the left is an expanded blastocyst, the one on the right has expanded and is hatching from the shell (zona pellucida) and is getting ready to implant.

Blastocysts



Additional photos
Customer Reviews (4)
write a review
sanat kumar satapathy   08 December 2012
language and images
The language of explaining the things with images are excellent which makes very easy to understand.
vinay kumar   14 May 2011
very good
very good explination with clarity images,and it is easy to understand..
chipkar varsha   12 December 2008
excellent
good pictures and matter is good n easy to understand in better way
santanu   14 August 2007

excellant diagrams and photos... would be very helpful in understanding IVF... thnx


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